Indonesia Warns of Nipah Virus Spread from Bats and Migratory Birds

TDT | Manama

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Indonesian health authorities have raised concerns over the potential spread of the Nipah virus, a deadly virus transmitted from animals to humans. Migratory birds and fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, are considered the main carriers. While the global risk remains low, authorities stress vigilance due to the virus’s high mortality rate and ability to spread between humans.

First identified in Malaysia in 1998 during an outbreak linked to pigs, Nipah virus has since appeared in several Asian countries, including Bangladesh and India. The virus can spread to humans through direct contact with infected bats, consumption of contaminated food such as raw date palm sap or partially eaten fruits, and contact with infected animals. Human-to-human transmission is also possible, particularly through bodily fluids in healthcare or household settings.

Symptoms typically appear four to fourteen days after exposure, beginning with fever, severe headache, muscle aches, vomiting, and sore throat. In severe cases, the virus can affect the brain, causing confusion, seizures, respiratory distress, and even coma. Mortality rates range from 40% to 75%, depending on the outbreak and quality of medical care.

There is currently no approved vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for Nipah virus. Supportive care—such as fever management, respiratory support, and intensive care—is the only available option. Prevention is therefore critical. Authorities recommend avoiding raw or unprocessed date palm sap, thoroughly washing fruits, avoiding contact with sick animals, following strict infection control in hospitals, and isolating suspected cases promptly.

Recent reports from India confirm several new infections among healthcare workers, highlighting the virus’s potential to spread in medical settings. Officials are conducting contact tracing and testing to contain the outbreak.

Experts emphasize that while the virus is not widespread globally, climate change, urban expansion, and increased human-wildlife interaction may increase the risk of future outbreaks. Vigilance, hygiene, and preventive measures remain the best defense against Nipah virus.