This Cancer Is Preventable; Then Why Does It Still Kill Thousands?

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Cervical Cancer Prevention Week (January 19–25) serves as a critical annual reminder that while cervical cancer remains a significant global health challenge, it is also one of the most preventable forms of the disease. Approximately 685 lives are lost each year to this illness in various regions, a statistic that highlights the urgent need for increased awareness. Cervical cancer develops when abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix grow uncontrollably, typically triggered by persistent high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections. By focusing on education, vaccination, and regular screening, health experts believe that most of these cases can be detected or prevented before they become life-threatening.

Understanding the Disease and Its Variants

Cervical cancer is primarily classified into two main types based on the cells where the cancer originates. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent, accounting for 80–90% of cases, and develops from the flat cells on the outer surface of the cervix. Adenocarcinoma, which makes up about 10–20%, develops from the glandular cells that produce mucus within the cervical canal. Rare and often more aggressive forms, such as adenosquamous carcinoma, small cell cancers, lymphomas, and sarcomas, also exist but require vastly different treatment approaches. While early stages often present no symptoms, advanced cases may lead to pelvic pain or unusual vaginal bleeding, making it vital to monitor any reproductive health changes.

The Role of HPV and Risk Factors

The primary driver of cervical cancer is HPV, a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. While many HPV infections are cleared naturally by the immune system without causing long-term issues, persistent high-risk strains can lead to the precancerous cell changes that eventually turn into tumours. Beyond viral infection, other factors can increase a person's risk profile. Smoking, a weakened immune system, and certain reproductive factors, such as long-term use of oral contraceptives or having multiple births, have been linked to higher instances of the disease. Understanding these risks allows individuals to make more informed decisions about their health and the necessity of regular check-ups.

The Vital Importance of Screenings

Cervical screenings, formerly known as ‘smear tests’, remain a cornerstone of secondary prevention. These tests are not meant to diagnose cancer, but rather to detect HPV or abnormal cell changes before they have the chance to turn into cancer. Despite their life-saving potential, participation rates have seen a concerning decline, with many individuals skipping screenings due to a false sense of security from the vaccine or anxiety regarding the procedure. Overcoming this ‘screening gap’ is essential, as even vaccinated individuals require regular check-ups to ensure total protection.

Prevention Through Vaccination

One of the most effective tools in the medical arsenal is the HPV vaccine. Designed to be administered before an individual is exposed to the virus, the vaccine is typically offered to children aged 11 to 13. It is often provided for free in school programs, with provisions for catch-up vaccinations available for those who miss the opportunity. Health organisations emphasise that early vaccination provides the strongest protection. Depending on the age at which the first dose is received, the vaccine is administered in a series of two or three doses to ensure long-lasting immunity against the most dangerous strains of the virus.